Cyber threats and vulnerabilities encompass a range of risks to digital systems and data. Cyber threats include various malicious activities like malware, ransomware, phishing, and denial-of-service attacks, which exploit weaknesses in software or human behavior. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses or flaws in systems, networks, or applications that can be exploited by attackers. Effective cybersecurity involves identifying and addressing these vulnerabilities, implementing protective measures, and continuously monitoring for threats. Regular updates, strong passwords, encryption, and user education are key defenses.